# Tirzepatide References and Citations — SURPASS and SURMOUNT Program Sources

> Full citation list for the tirzepatide clinical record — SURPASS-1 through CVOT, SURMOUNT-1 through OSA, mechanistic studies, and population pharmacokinetics. All DOIs and PubMed IDs listed.

Every citation used across this site, drawn from the SURPASS and SURMOUNT phase-3 programs, mechanistic studies, and population pharmacokinetic analyses. DOIs and PubMed IDs listed for direct retrieval.

## Citation Index

All twenty citations below are drawn from the published peer-reviewed literature and publicly accessible databases. The tirzepatide evidence base encompasses twelve phase-3 randomized controlled trials (six SURPASS trials in type 2 diabetes, four SURMOUNT trials in obesity, one cardiovascular outcome trial, one sleep apnea trial), two foundational mechanistic studies, one population pharmacokinetics study, multi-society consensus guidance, a drug interaction study, and a review article. Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered citation in this index.

See also [references and citations](/references) for the full sortable table of DOIs, PMIDs, and trial identifiers.

## References

[1] Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7526454/
[2] Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2022;119(13):e2116506119. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9060465/
[3] Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 2024;13(5):768-780. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356317/
[4] Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide as Monotherapy Improved Markers of Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10157777/
[5] Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[6] Lingvay I, Cheng AYY, Levine JA, et al. Achievement of glycaemic targets with weight loss and without hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes with tirzepatide: A post hoc analysis of the SURPASS-1 to -5 studies. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2023;25(3):763-772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36514843/
[7] Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(3):205-216. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
[8] Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10402):613-626. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37385275/
[9] Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[10] Frias JP, De Block C, Brown K, et al. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With T2D (SURPASS-2). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2024;109(6):1522-1533. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38252888/
[11] Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024;26(2):591-600. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853960/
[12] Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Brown K, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2023;22(1):71. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10039543/
[13] Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. (SURMOUNT-OSA Investigators). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/
[14] SURPASS-CVOT Investigators (Eli Lilly). Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928. [Note: Published December 2025; PMID pending indexing at time of writing.] https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2505928
[15] Kindel TL, et al. (American Gastroenterological Association, ASA, ASMBS, ISPCOP, SAGES). Multi-society clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period. Surgical Endoscopy. 2024;38(10):5703-5718. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11666732/
[16] Kurinami N, Takada M, Sugiyama S, et al. Early Dose Escalation of Tirzepatide after Switching from Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul). 2025;40(2):304-309. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12765867/
[17] StatPearls contributors. Tirzepatide. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH StatPearls. 2024. Updated 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[18] StatPearls contributors. Tirzepatide — Contraindications and Black Box Warning sections. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH StatPearls. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[19] Multiple authors (review). Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2024;20(9):527-544. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11304055/
[20] Treatment of insulin resistance with tirzepatide leading to improvement of hair loss. PMC Case Report. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11318540/

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