Clinic Tirzepatide

REFERENCES AND CITATIONS

Sources: The Tirzepatide Clinical Literature

Every citation used across this site, drawn from the SURPASS and SURMOUNT phase-3 programs, mechanistic studies, and population pharmacokinetic analyses. DOIs and PubMed IDs listed for direct retrieval.

Citation Index

All twenty citations below are drawn from the published peer-reviewed literature and publicly accessible databases. The tirzepatide evidence base encompasses twelve phase-3 randomized controlled trials (six SURPASS trials in type 2 diabetes, four SURMOUNT trials in obesity, one cardiovascular outcome trial, one sleep apnea trial), two foundational mechanistic studies, one population pharmacokinetics study, multi-society consensus guidance, a drug interaction study, and a review article. Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered citation in this index.

See also references and citations for the full sortable table of DOIs, PMIDs, and trial identifiers.

  1. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. ↗
  2. Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2022;119(13):e2116506119. ↗
  3. Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 2024;13(5):768-780. ↗
  4. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide as Monotherapy Improved Markers of Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  5. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  6. Lingvay I, Cheng AYY, Levine JA, et al. Achievement of glycaemic targets with weight loss and without hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes with tirzepatide: A post hoc analysis of the SURPASS-1 to -5 studies. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2023;25(3):763-772. ↗
  7. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(3):205-216. ↗
  8. Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10402):613-626. ↗
  9. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. ↗
  10. Frias JP, De Block C, Brown K, et al. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With T2D (SURPASS-2). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2024;109(6):1522-1533. ↗
  11. Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024;26(2):591-600. ↗
  12. Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Brown K, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2023;22(1):71. ↗
  13. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. (SURMOUNT-OSA Investigators). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. ↗
  14. SURPASS-CVOT Investigators (Eli Lilly). Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928. [Note: Published December 2025; PMID pending indexing at time of writing.] ↗
  15. Kindel TL, et al. (American Gastroenterological Association, ASA, ASMBS, ISPCOP, SAGES). Multi-society clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period. Surgical Endoscopy. 2024;38(10):5703-5718. ↗
  16. Kurinami N, Takada M, Sugiyama S, et al. Early Dose Escalation of Tirzepatide after Switching from Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul). 2025;40(2):304-309. ↗
  17. StatPearls contributors. Tirzepatide. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH StatPearls. 2024. Updated 2024. ↗
  18. StatPearls contributors. Tirzepatide — Contraindications and Black Box Warning sections. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH StatPearls. 2024. ↗
  19. Multiple authors (review). Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2024;20(9):527-544. ↗
  20. Treatment of insulin resistance with tirzepatide leading to improvement of hair loss. PMC Case Report. 2024. ↗