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Clinic Tirzepatide
where each tirzepatide fact came from

Tirzepatide Sources: The Full Papers Behind the Numbers

Tirzepatide comes only by prescription and is given as a shot. Here you'll find each phase-3 SURPASS and SURMOUNT study, meaning each large late test, plus the lab work behind the answers.

Which Studies Support the Tirzepatide Findings?

Tirzepatide has been tested for blood sugar, weight, heart health, and sleep apnea. This page shows where those facts came from. The twenty sources include twelve phase-3 trials, meaning large final tests: six SURPASS trials in type 2 diabetes, four SURMOUNT trials in obesity, one heart trial, and one sleep-apnea trial. The list also has two early lab studies, one study of how many days the drug remains, advice from several medical groups, a drug-clash study, and a review. A number beside a finding takes you to its source.

The full paper list gives each study's title and links. A DOI is a permanent link for a paper. PubMed is a public medical library that lists papers and often links to the full text. I'd use the list when you want to show a study to your doctor.

  1. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. ↗
  2. Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2022;119(13):e2116506119. ↗
  3. Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 2024;13(5):768-780. ↗
  4. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide as Monotherapy Improved Markers of Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  5. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  6. Lingvay I, Cheng AYY, Levine JA, et al. Achievement of glycaemic targets with weight loss and without hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes with tirzepatide: A post hoc analysis of the SURPASS-1 to -5 studies. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2023;25(3):763-772. ↗
  7. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(3):205-216. ↗
  8. Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10402):613-626. ↗
  9. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. ↗
  10. Frias JP, De Block C, Brown K, et al. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With T2D (SURPASS-2). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2024;109(6):1522-1533. ↗
  11. Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024;26(2):591-600. ↗
  12. Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Brown K, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2023;22(1):71. ↗
  13. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. (SURMOUNT-OSA Investigators). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. ↗
  14. SURPASS-CVOT Investigators (Eli Lilly). Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928. [Note: Published December 2025; PMID pending indexing at time of writing.] ↗
  15. Kindel TL, et al. (American Gastroenterological Association, ASA, ASMBS, ISPCOP, SAGES). Multi-society clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period. Surgical Endoscopy. 2024;38(10):5703-5718. ↗
  16. Kurinami N, Takada M, Sugiyama S, et al. Early Dose Escalation of Tirzepatide after Switching from Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul). 2025;40(2):304-309. ↗
  17. StatPearls contributors. Tirzepatide. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH StatPearls. 2024. Updated 2024. ↗
  18. StatPearls contributors. Tirzepatide — Contraindications and Black Box Warning sections. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH StatPearls. 2024. ↗
  19. Multiple authors (review). Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2024;20(9):527-544. ↗
  20. Treatment of insulin resistance with tirzepatide leading to improvement of hair loss. PMC Case Report. 2024. ↗